Retreat Blog Post

1. What did the retreat mean to you?

I had a lot of fun on the retreat with my class and school. All of the activities were fun and intriguing. I especially liked the presentation from the Katzie because I learned a lot.

2. What did you learn about yourself?

I learned that I can work well in small and big groups, and that I know how to take the lead. I also learned that I can't trust everyone with a belay device.

3. What connections to science and math did you find, or hear, or make with any experience you had?

I learned from watching that if you put your weight on one side of the canoe, you will definitely tip.

Thank you Pinnacle Pursuits and KDHS.

5 Short Answer Questions

Homework: Create 5 short answer question with answers for test

Q: What charge do protons, neutrons and electrons have?

A: Protons: positive, neutrons: neutral, electrons: negative

Q: What happens when you add heat to water?

A: It will evaporate

Q: Who proposed that all matter is made up of small particles?

A: John Dalton

Q: What were the small particles called?

A: Atoms

Q: Who came up with the 'raisin bun'?

A: John Joseph Thomson

The Atomic Theory: How it all started

2500 years ago, Greek philosophers didn’t know if matter kept being split into smaller and smaller parts or if there was ever going to be a smallest piece. These philosopher decided that the smallest piece of matter was going to be called atamos. But a very respected philosopher by the name of Aristotle said that all matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Everyone respected Aristotle so much, that no one changed his opinion for 2000 years.

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In the 18^th and 19^th Century, there were researchers named Alchemists that worked in Europe to see if matter such as lead and mercury could be turned into gold. Their idea was more technologic than scientific. Their results were that nothing turned into gold.

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John Dalton was born in 1766 and died in 1844. He was a British schoolteacher and a scholar. He was interested in the gases that make up the earth so he investigated the composition of many substances such as carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen oxide. Dalton explained that the particles or matter are made up of tiny hard spheres that are different for every element. He said that the atom was the smallest part of an element.

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J. J. Thomson was born in 1856 and died in 1940. He said that in 1897, the currents were streams of negatively charged particles which were later called electrons. He found out that all substances used in discharge tubes made these particles. Thomson then hypothesized that if his experiment showed that there were small particles, every element must have these. He made a model csalled the ‘raisin bun’ which showed that atoms have smaller particles called electrons. But he was soonly proved by his student Erenest Rutherford that he had a more accurate picture of the atom.

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Erenest Rutherford was born in 1871 and died in 1937. He was a scientist from New Zealand who worked at McGill University in Montral. He made an experiment which consisted of a thin sheet of gold, a fluorescent screen and some alpha particles. He placed the sheet of gold inside the fluorescent screen with one opening so that the alpha particles could zoom through the opeing and bounce, deflect and reflect through the sheet of gold. When he did this, he was able to see the alpha particles. His results showed that most of the atoms went through the gold without being affected. He suspected this because he knew there were spaces between particles. He also found out about the nucleus – the charged center of an atom. This was an important discovery and he found out that there are at least 2 types of particles in one atom. One is a proton, which has a positive electric charge, and the other is a neutron, which has no electric charge.

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Nuels Bohr lived frim 1885 to 1962. He was a Danish physicist working under Rutherford. His theory was that electrons surrounded the nucleus in a specific energy ‘level’ or ‘shell’. This meant that each electron had a particular amount of energy.

Matter and examples

Matter

1. Pure substance

· Element

· Compounds

2. Mixtures

· Solutions

· Mechanical Mixture

· Suspension

Defintions for words above:

1. Matter: Occupies space and presents mass

2. Pure Substance: a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical or chemical process

3. Element: An element is a substance that is made of one type of atom

4. Compounds: are made up of two or more types of elements

5. Mixtures: A mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials and there is no chemical reaction

6. Solutions: A solution is a mixture of one substance dissolved in another so the properties are the same

7. Mechanical Mixture: A mechanical mixture is a mixture of 2 different ingredients that stay separate not matter how much it’s mixed together

8. Suspension: A mixture in which particles suspend in a fluid where they’re supported by buoyancy

Examples of each:

1. Matter: A pencil

2. Pure Substance: Pure water

3. Element: Helium

4. Compounds: Water/Sodium

5. Mixtures: Salt and sugar

6. Solutions: Chocolate Milk

7. Mechanical mixture: Concrete

8. Suspension: Food Colouring

Summarizing Chapter 1.2

Summarize Chapter 1.2 : Investigating Matter

Chemical Change

· A chemical change is a change in matter that occurs when substances combine to form new substances

· A type of chemical change is when ice cubes turn into water and then into water vapor

Changes of State

· Chemical change: involves substances reacting to forn new substances

· Physical change: there is a change in appearance but no new substance is formed

o Solid: has a definite shape and volume

o Liquid: has a definite volume but no definite shape

o Gas: its shape and volume is determined by its surroundings

The Particle model of matter

· Chemistry includes facts and observations about matter, laws that summarize patterns in behavior and theories

· A theory is a scientific explanation based on the results of experimentation

· All matter is made up of very small particles. You can’t see them with your eye or a light microscope

· There are spaces between particles

· The amount of space between particles is different depending on what state the matter is in

· The particles that make up matter are always moving

· Particles are attracted to one another

The Kinetic Molecular Theory

· Kinetic energy is the energy of motion

· All particles in water, solid and gas are always moving

· Kinetic Molecular Theory:

o All matter is made up of very small particles

o There is empty space between particles

o Energy makes particles move

o Particles are constantly moving:

§ Particles of a solid are tightly packed together so they can only vibrate

§ Particles of liquid are farther apart and can slide past each other

§ Particles in gas are far apart and they move quickly

Temperature and Changes of State

· When heat is added to a substance, its particles gain energy and vibrate faster

· When heat is removed from a substance particles move energy and move slowly

http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.clickandlearn.org/images/water_cycle.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.clickandlearn.org/Gr9_Sci/Particle_Theory.htm&usg=__Yc100PLFYAFg96XZFQFeDB2WlyU=&h=360&w=480&sz=17&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=2qWjA6q-FC_GNM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=176&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dchanges%2Bof%2Bstate%2Bof%2Bmatter%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26sa%3DX%26rls%3Den%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D680%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=127&vpy=76&dur=653&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=172&ty=98&ei=wFarTPKzD4e6sAOIhujPAw&oei=slarTL70OpLUtQOQ6fWjAw&esq=3&page=1&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

Describing matter

· Physical properties are characteristics of matter that can be observed ir measured

· Qualitive properties are properties that can be described but not measured

· Quantitive properties are characteristics that can be measured numerically

Pure Substances

· A pure substance that is made up of only one kind of matter

· An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down or separated into simpler substances

· A compound is a pure substance composed of at least two elements combined in a specific way

Properties of Substances (Chrystal notes)

· Properties of matter are used to describe the physical and chemical properties

-colour -hardness -texture -dimension

-density -melting point -freezing point

-boiling point -state at S.T.P -flamability -malleable

Bar graph of how fast wax melts

Wax Melting Experiment

Wax Melting Experiment September 20, 2010 Janine Nifco

Problem: At what temperature (degrees Celsius) does wax melt at?

Purpose: To determine the melting point (mp) of wax

Hypothesis: The class hypothesis is that wax melts at 60 degrees Celsius

Tools/Materials: Beaker, wax, heating plate, thermometer, pencil/paper to record things

Procedure: 1. Clear you area and make sure it is a safe area to work in

2. Prepare everything (thermometer in wax, wax in beaker, beaker on heating plate)

3. Turn on heating plate and record the temperature every 15 or 30 seconds or every minute (do it to your liking)

Conclusion/Results: The class started off well with the first chart but after 240 seconds, the beaker broke and the wax started slowly oozing out. We quickly realized and changed the wax into a different beaker and started the experiment again but started at a higher temperature. The wax then slowly melted and we figured out that wax melts at 70 degrees Celsius.

First failed experiment:

Time	Temperature	Properties
0	22°C	White and Solid
30	23°C	White and Solid
60	23°C	White and Solid
90	23°C	White and Solid
120	23°C	White and Solid
150	23.5°C	White and Solid
180	23.5°C	White and Solid
210	23.5°C	White and Solid
240	24°C	White and Solid

Second Successful experiment

Time	Temperature	Properties
0	27°C	White and Solid
30	28°C	White and Solid
60	28°C	White and Solid
90	28°C	White and Solid
120	28°C	White and Solid
150	28°C	White and Solid
180	28°C	Colourless and Liquidy
210	28.5°C	Colourless and Liquidy
240	28.5°C	Colourless and Liquidy
270	29°C	Colourless and Liquidy
300	29°C	Colourless and Liquidy
330	29°C	Colourless and Liquidy
360	30.5°C	Colourless and Liquidy
390	31°C	Colourless and Liquidy
420	35°C	Less Solid & More Liquid
450	40°C	Less Solid & More Liquid
480	43°C	Less Solid & More Liquid
510	46°C	Less Solid & More Liquid
540	49°C	Less Solid & More Liquid
570	51°C	Less Solid & More Liquid
600	54°C	Less Solid & More Liquid
630	58°C	Less Solid & More Liquid
660	60°C	Less Solid & More Liquid
690	62°C	More Liquidy & Colourless
720	62°C	More Liquidy & Colourless
750	62°C	More Liquidy & Colourless
780	61°C	More Liquidy & Colourless
810	60°C	More Liquidy & Colourless
840	60°C	Even More Liquidy
870	60°C	Even More Liquidy
13 Minutes	61°C	Even More Liquidy
930	62°C	Even More Liquidy
960	66°C	Even More Liquidy
990	68°C	Even More Liquidy
1020	70°C	Completely Clear